認識語言學

　　語言學的英文是：Linguistics。lin‧guis‧tics 是 linguist + -ics。其中字尾 -ics 是字尾 -ic
的複數型式，而 -ic 是源自於拉丁字尾 -ica，又輾轉源自於希臘字尾 -ika，通常是名詞字尾，對應於形容詞字尾 -ic 或 -ical，通常用來表達事實、知識、或原則的集合體。在此，指稱研究的領域，也就是研究 linguist（語言） 的領域。總言之，語言學（英語：linguistics）是一門關於人類語言的科學研究。

　　在兩百年前，語言學的內容只單純地研究語言的文法（grammar）；隨著時間的演進，語言學包含了數個分支──

• 語音學（phonetics）：研究語音的產生、語音的聲學、以及語音的聽力
• 音系學（phonology）：研究聲音的模式
• 構詞學，又稱為形態學（morphology）：研究字詞的結構
• 語法學（syntax）：研究句子的結構
• 語意學（semantics）：研究語義(含義）
• 語用學（pragmatics）：研究語境

如今，語言學的分支更是日新月異，其中計算語言學(computational linguistics）和語料庫語言學（corpus linguistics）更是和現代的電腦科技息息相關。

　　語言學是很令人感到有趣的一門學問。它是經驗傳承、知識累積、以及文字產生的基石。人的一生就是被語言包圍著，可是人們對語言的認識卻是很少很少。當我們對語言開始產生認識，並且一步一步地深入其中後，我們的人生也隨之改變了。在智慧手機流行普遍的時代，語音對答更是呈現了令人驚異的有趣。也許，慢慢地可以用短短的認識，把這有趣的人生部份逐漸地串接起來。

字詞→Oxymoron

ox‧y‧mo‧ron ：單數名詞，複數型有兩種寫法：oxymora 或 oxymorons。
這字的意思就是，一種譬喻的用法，把兩種看起來不協調或是相反字義的字放在一起組合成詞。下面是一些例子：

• to make haste slowly﹝動作慢慢地加快﹞
• ground pilot﹝地面飛行員，無意的錯誤﹞
• "And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true."﹝此句出自Tennyson's Idylls of the King﹞

 通常會出現的形式為〝形容詞＋名詞〞：

• cruel kindness﹝；殘忍的慈悲﹞
• Dark light﹝暗光﹞
• Living dead﹝活死人﹞
• Guest host (also: Permanent guest host) ﹝客居主人(也作：永久客居主人)﹞

較少的組合是〝名詞＋動詞〞：

• The silence whistles.﹝此句出自 Nathan Alterman's Summer Night﹞
• Sounds of Silence﹝唱片的抬頭﹞

oxymoron不限於字的意義組合，有時也可以是成對的片語或句子所成的意義。

參看：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymoron

簡介「線上文學網站」 A Short Introduction To 「The Literature Network Online」

線上文學網站，提供可搜尋的線上文學作品，目前包括了三千本完整的書，超過了四千個短篇故事和詩文，由超過兩百五十位作者所作。文學作品用作者的名字來做搜尋。

宗教作品有五類：The King James Bible、The Koran (Al-Qur'an)、The Religion of the Samurai、Tao Teh King﹝道德經﹞、及Hebraic Literature。不是很確定沒有佛教的作品。

馬克吐溫、沙士比亞、勞倫斯、‧‧‧等等作家的文學作品都有被收藏在內，喜歡英文文學和美國文學的人，這是一個很好的線上資源。

Interesting Idioms

中文有句諺語：『水能載舟，亦能覆舟。』英文中是否有相對應的成語呢？今天在Metro New York看到頭版的標題：『Live by the sword, die by the sword.』這真是絕佳的配對句了。

『Live by the sword, die by the sword.』 = 『水能載舟，亦能覆舟。』

Night Ranger 合唱團

Night Ranger唱的Sister Christian帶歌詞

Adjectives ﹝形容詞﹞ ﹝형용사﹞

Adjectives are words that, in a grammatical sense, describe or modify nouns in a sentence. The Articles, such as a, an, and the, are adjectives. My, your, his, her, its, our, and their are the English possessive adjectives, used with nouns to show possession or ownership.

Adjectives are often used to describe the degree of comparison. There are three forms called degrees of comparison: the positive, the comparative, the superlative.

• This student is tall. (positive)
• That student is taller. (comparative)
• The last student in the row is the tallest. (superlative)

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
little	less	least
much many some	more	most
far	further	furthest

Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. They commonly describe something in terms of nationality, religious affiliation, or culture. Like proper nouns, proper adjectives have their first letter capitalized. Some examples of proper adjectives include:
American
French
Japanese
Latino
Asian
Australian
Catholic
Lutheran
Jewish

The following lists are just a sampling of adjectives in the English language. They are categorized by the type of attribute they describe.

Appearance Adjectives adorable beautiful clean drab elegant fancy glamorous handsome long magnificent old-fashioned plain quaint sparkling ugliest unsightly wide-eyed	Color Adjectives red orange yellow green blue purple gray black white	Condition Adjectives alive better careful clever dead easy famous gifted helpful important inexpensive mushy odd powerful rich shy tender uninterested vast wrong.	Feelings (Bad) Adjectives angry bewildered clumsy defeated embarrassed fierce grumpy helpless itchy jealous lazy mysterious nervous obnoxious panicky repulsive scary thoughtless uptight worried
Feelings (Good) Adjectives agreeable brave calm delightful eager faithful gentle happy jolly kind lively nice obedient proud relieved silly thankful victorious witty zealous	Shape Adjectives broad chubby crooked curved deep flat high hollow low narrow round shallow skinny square steep straight wide.	Size Adjectives big colossal fat gigantic great huge immense large little mammoth massive miniature petite puny scrawny short small tall teeny teeny-tiny tiny	Sound Adjectives cooing deafening faint hissing loud melodic noisy purring quiet raspy screeching thundering voiceless whispering
Time Adjectives ancient brief early fast late long modern old old-fashioned quick rapid short slow swift young	Taste/Touch Adjectives bitter delicious fresh greasy juicy hot icy loose melted nutritious prickly rainy rotten salty sticky strong sweet tart tasteless uneven weak wet wooden yummy	Touch Adjectives boiling breeze broken bumpy chilly cold cool creepy crooked cuddly curly damaged damp dirty dry dusty filthy flaky fluffy freezing hot warm wet	Quantity Adjectives abundant empty few full heavy light many numerous sparse substantial

Comprehensive List of Adjectives

A aback abaft abandoned abashed aberrant abhorrent abiding abject ablaze able abnormal aboard aboriginal abortive abounding abrasive abrupt absent absorbed absorbing abstracted absurd abundant abusive acceptable accessible accidental accurate acid acidic acoustic acrid actually ad hoc adamant adaptable addicted adhesive adjoining adorable adventurous afraid aggressive agonizing agreeable ahead ajar alcoholic alert alike alive alleged alluring aloof amazing ambiguous ambitious amuck amused amusing ancient angry animated annoyed annoying anxious apathetic aquatic aromatic arrogant ashamed aspiring assorted astonishing attractive auspicious automatic available average awake aware awesome awful axiomatic	B bad barbarous bashful bawdy beautiful befitting belligerent beneficial bent berserk best better bewildered big billowy bite-sized bitter bizarre black black-and-white bloody blue blue-eyed blushing boiling boorish bored boring bouncy boundless brainy brash brave brawny breakable breezy brief bright bright broad broken brown bumpy burly bustling busy	C cagey calculating callous calm capable capricious careful careless caring cautious ceaseless certain changeable charming cheap cheerful chemical chief childlike chilly chivalrous chubby chunky clammy classy clean clear clever cloistered cloudy closed clumsy cluttered coherent cold colorful colossal combative comfortable common complete complex concerned condemned confused conscious cooing cool cooperative coordinated courageous cowardly crabby craven crazy creepy crooked crowded cruel cuddly cultured cumbersome curious curly curved curvy cut cute cute cynical	D daffy daily damaged damaging damp dangerous dapper dark dashing dazzling dead deadpan deafening dear debonair decisive decorous deep deeply defeated defective defiant delicate delicious delightful demonic delirious dependent depressed deranged descriptive deserted detailed determined devilish didactic different difficult diligent direful dirty disagreeable disastrous discreet disgusted disgusting disillusioned dispensable distinct disturbed divergent dizzy domineering doubtful drab draconian dramatic dreary drunk dry dull dusty dusty dynamic dysfunctional	E eager early earsplitting earthy easy eatable economic educated efficacious efficient eight elastic elated elderly electric elegant elfin elite embarrassed eminent empty enchanted enchanting encouraging endurable energetic enormous entertaining enthusiastic envious equable equal erect erratic ethereal evanescent evasive even excellent excited exciting exclusive exotic expensive extra-large extra-small exuberant exultant
F fabulous faded faint fair faithful fallacious false familiar famous fanatical fancy fantastic far far-flung fascinated fast fat faulty fearful fearless feeble feigned female fertile festive few fierce filthy fine finicky first five fixed flagrant flaky flashy flat flawless flimsy flippant flowery fluffy fluttering foamy foolish foregoing forgetful fortunate four frail fragile frantic free freezing frequent fresh fretful friendly frightened frightening full fumbling functional funny furry furtive future futuristic fuzzy	G gabby gainful gamy gaping garrulous gaudy general gentle giant giddy gifted gigantic glamorous gleaming glib glistening glorious glossy godly good goofy gorgeous graceful grandiose grateful gratis gray greasy great greedy green grey grieving groovy grotesque grouchy grubby gruesome grumpy guarded guiltless gullible gusty guttural	H habitual half hallowed halting handsome handsomely handy hanging hapless happy hard hard-to-find harmonious harsh hateful heady healthy heartbreaking heavenly heavy hellish helpful helpless hesitant hideous high highfalutin high-pitched hilarious hissing historical holistic hollow homeless homely honorable horrible hospitable hot huge hulking humdrum humorous hungry hurried hurt hushed husky hypnotic hysterical	I icky icy idiotic ignorant ill illegal ill-fated ill-informed illustrious imaginary immense imminent impartial imperfect impolite important imported impossible incandescent incompetent inconclusive industrious incredible inexpensive infamous innate innocent inquisitive insidious instinctive intelligent interesting internal invincible irate irritating itchy	J jaded jagged jazzy jealous jittery jobless jolly joyous judicious juicy jumbled jumpy juvenile
K kaput keen kind kindhearted kindly knotty knowing knowledgeable known	L labored lackadaisical lacking lame lamentable languid large last late laughable lavish lazy lean learned left legal lethal level lewd light like likeable limping literate little lively lively living lonely long longing long-term loose lopsided loud loutish lovely loving low lowly lucky ludicrous lumpy lush luxuriant lying lyrical	M macabre macho maddening madly magenta magical magnificent majestic makeshift male malicious mammoth maniacal many marked massive married marvelous material materialistic mature mean measly meaty medical meek mellow melodic melted merciful mere messy mighty military milky mindless miniature minor miscreant misty mixed moaning modern moldy momentous motionless mountainous muddled mundane murky mushy mute mysterious	N naive nappy narrow nasty natural naughty nauseating near neat nebulous necessary needless needy neighborly nervous new next nice nifty nimble nine nippy noiseless noisy nonchalant nondescript nonstop normal nostalgic nosy noxious null numberless numerous nutritious nutty	O oafish obedient obeisant obese obnoxious obscene obsequious observant obsolete obtainable oceanic odd offbeat old old-fashioned omniscient one onerous open opposite optimal orange ordinary organic ossified outgoing outrageous outstanding oval overconfident overjoyed overrated overt overwrought
P painful painstaking pale paltry panicky panoramic parallel parched parsimonious past pastoral pathetic peaceful penitent perfect periodic permissible perpetual petite petite phobic physical picayune pink piquant placid plain plant plastic plausible pleasant plucky pointless poised polite political poor possessive possible powerful precious premium present pretty previous pricey prickly private probable productive profuse protective proud psychedelic psychotic public puffy pumped puny purple purring pushy puzzled puzzling	Q quack quaint quarrelsome questionable quick quickest quiet quirky quixotic quizzical	R rabid racial ragged rainy rambunctious rampant rapid rare raspy ratty ready real rebel receptive recondite red redundant reflective regular relieved remarkable reminiscent repulsive resolute resonant responsible rhetorical rich right righteous rightful rigid ripe ritzy roasted robust romantic roomy rotten rough round royal ruddy rude rural rustic ruthless	S sable sad safe salty same sassy satisfying savory scandalous scarce scared scary scattered scientific scintillating scrawny screeching second second-hand secret secretive sedate seemly selective selfish separate serious shaggy shaky shallow sharp shiny shivering shocking short shrill shut shy sick silent silent silky silly simple simplistic sincere six skillful skinny sleepy slim slimy slippery sloppy slow small smart smelly smiling smoggy smooth sneaky snobbish snotty soft soggy solid somber sophisticated sordid sore sore sour sparkling special spectacular spicy spiffy spiky spiritual spiteful splendid spooky spotless spotted spotty spurious squalid square squealing squeamish staking stale standing statuesque steadfast steady steep stereotyped sticky stiff stimulating stingy stormy straight strange striped strong stupendous stupid sturdy subdued subsequent substantial successful succinct sudden sulky super superb superficial supreme swanky sweet sweltering swift symptomatic synonymous	T taboo tacit tacky talented tall tame tan tangible tangy tart tasteful tasteless tasty tawdry tearful tedious teeny teeny-tiny telling temporary ten tender tense tense tenuous terrible terrific tested testy thankful therapeutic thick thin thinkable third thirsty thirsty thoughtful thoughtless threatening three thundering tidy tight tightfisted tiny tired tiresome toothsome torpid tough towering tranquil trashy tremendous tricky trite troubled truculent true truthful two typical
U ubiquitous ugliest ugly ultra unable unaccountable unadvised unarmed unbecoming unbiased uncovered understood undesirable unequal unequaled uneven unhealthy uninterested unique unkempt unknown unnatural unruly unsightly unsuitable untidy unused unusual unwieldy unwritten upbeat uppity upset uptight used useful useless utopian utter uttermost	V vacuous vagabond vague valuable various vast vengeful venomous verdant versed victorious vigorous violent violet vivacious voiceless volatile voracious vulgar	W wacky waggish waiting wakeful wandering wanting warlike warm wary wasteful watery weak wealthy weary well-groomed well-made well-off well-to-do wet whimsical whispering white whole wholesale wicked wide wide-eyed wiggly wild willing windy wiry wise wistful witty woebegone womanly wonderful wooden woozy workable worried worthless wrathful wretched wrong wry	Y yellow yielding young youthful yummy	Z zany zealous zesty zippy zonked

References:

• Capital Community College - Guide to Grammar & Writing
• MomsWhoThink.com

受格代名詞的使用提醒

代名詞﹝Pronoun﹞就是代替主詞的字。代名詞有三類：主格代名詞﹝Subject Pronoun﹞、受格代名詞﹝Object Pronoun﹞、以及所有格代名詞﹝Prossessive Pronoun﹞。

• 主格代名詞：I(我), you(你、妳), he(他), she(她), it(它), we(我們) 和 they(他們、她們、它們)
• 受格代名詞：me(我), you(你、妳), him(他), her(她), it(它), us(我們) 和 them(他們、她們、它們).
• 所有格代名詞：my(我的), your(你的、妳的), his(他的), hers(她的), its(它的), ours(我們的) 和 theirs(他們的、她們的、它們的).

主格代名詞，顧名思義，就是拿來當作主詞用的代名詞。當放在To be動詞(is, are, was, were, am, and will be)後面時，可以用作主詞的簡稱。然而大多數人使用口語英文時，往往習慣在To be動詞後面使用受格代名詞，而非主格代名詞。許多教英語的老師支持(或者至少是屈服於)這種在寫作英文和口語英文之間的差異趨勢。